Talhout, Reinskje; Schulz, Thomas; Florek, Ewa; Van Benthem, Jan; Wester, Piet; Opperhuizen, Antoon (2011). "Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (12): 613–628. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8020613. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 3084482. PMID 21556207. Mercury(I) chloride (also known as calomel or mercurous chloride) has been used in traditional medicine as a diuretic, topical disinfectant, and laxative. Mercury(II) chloride (also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was once used to treat syphilis (along with other mercury compounds), although it is so toxic that sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat. [54] It is also used as a disinfectant. Blue mass, a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches. [55] In the early 20th century, mercury was administered to children yearly as a laxative and dewormer, and it was used in teething powders for infants. The mercury-containing organohalide merbromin (sometimes sold as Mercurochrome) is still widely used but has been banned in some countries such as the U.S. [56] Contemporary Hello, Nihonium. Scientists Name 4 New Elements On The Periodic Table". NPR.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 10 يونيو 2016 . اطلع عليه بتاريخ 11 يونيو 2016. a b Yuhas, Alan (24 April 2015). "Liquid mercury found under Mexican pyramid could lead to king's tomb". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 November 2016.

countries agreed in the Minamata Convention on Mercury by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to prevent emissions. [129] The convention was signed on 10 October 2013. [130] United States Mercury was used inside wobbler lures. Its heavy, liquid form made it useful since the lures made an attractive irregular movement when the mercury moved inside the plug. Such use was stopped due to environmental concerns, but illegal preparation of modern fishing plugs has occurred. Norway enacted a total ban on the use of mercury in the manufacturing and import/export of mercury products, effective 1 January 2008. [141] In 2002, several lakes in Norway were found to have a poor state of mercury pollution, with an excess of 1μg/g of mercury in their sediment. [142] The symptoms of HG typically begin within the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. HG can be extremely debilitating and cause fatigue that lasts for weeks or months. People with HG may not be able to work or perform their normal daily activities.

Where Grams are Used

n 1] تم تركيب العناصر 99 إلى 118 فقط في المختبرات أو المفاعلات النووية. [3] ويجري حاليًا متابعة تجميع العناصر التي تحتوي على أعداد ذرية أعلى: تبدأ هذه العناصر في الصف الثامن، وقد اقترح العمل النظري مرشحين محتملين لهذا التمديد. كما أُنتجت العديد من النويدات المشعة الاصطناعية من العناصر الطبيعية في المختبرات. Mercury and the environment — Basic facts". Environment Canada, Federal Government of Canada. 2004. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2008. Gray, T. (22 September 2004). "The Amazing Rusting Aluminum". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2009.

Qin Shihuang". Ministry of Culture, People's Republic of China. 2003. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2008. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency is charged with regulating and managing mercury contamination. Several laws give the EPA this authority, including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Additionally, the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act, passed in 1996, phases out the use of mercury in batteries, and provides for the efficient and cost-effective disposal of many types of used batteries. [131] North America contributed approximately 11% of the total global anthropogenic mercury emissions in 1995. [132]

A less well-known source of mercury is the burning of joss paper, [111] which is a common tradition practiced in Asia, including China, [112] Vietnam, Hong Kong, Thailand, Taiwan and Malaysia. [113] Sediment contamination John Newlands) 60 عنصرا حسب الأوزان الذرية ووجد تشابها ما بين العنصر الأول والعنصر التاسع والعنصر الثاني والعنصر العاشر إلى آخره من الترتيب. فاقترح قانون اوكتاف the 'Law of Octaves'.وكان ديمتري مندليف Dmitri Mendeleev - عالم كيميائي روسي ولد بمدينة توبوليسك بسيبيريا عام 1834 - عرف بأنه أبو الجدول الدوري للعناصر the periodic table of the elements. وهذا الجدول له أهميته لدراسة الكيمياء وفهم وتبسيط التفاعلات الكيميائية حتى المعقدة منها. ولم يكن مندليف قد رتب الجدول الدوري للعناصر فقط، بل كتب مجلدين بعنوان مبادئ الكيمياء Principles of Chemistry. مات في 20 يناير 1907.

Owing to its acoustic properties, mercury was used as the propagation medium in delay-line memory devices used in early digital computers of the mid-20th century. Sediments within large urban-industrial estuaries act as an important sink for point source and diffuse mercury pollution within catchments. [114] A 2015 study of foreshore sediments from the Thames estuary measured total mercury at 0.01 to 12.07mg/kg with mean of 2.10mg/kg and median of 0.85mg/kg (n=351). [114] The highest mercury concentrations were shown to occur in and around the city of London in association with fine grain muds and high total organic carbon content. [114] The strong affinity of mercury for carbon rich sediments has also been observed in salt marsh sediments of the River Mersey mean of 2mg/kg up to 5mg/kg. [115] These concentrations are far higher than those shown in salt marsh river creek sediments of New Jersey and mangroves of Southern China which exhibit low mercury concentrations of about 0.2mg/kg. [116] [117] Occupational exposure EPA workers clean up residential mercury spill in 2004 In 2008, Denmark also banned dental mercury amalgam, except for molar masticating surface fillings in permanent (adult) teeth. [ citation needed] See also Alpers, C. N.; Hunerlach, M. P.; May, J. Y.; Hothem, R. L. "Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008. What is EPA doing about mercury air emissions?". United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2007.a b "Thimerosal in Vaccines". Food and Drug Administration / Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 1 October 2007. As an electrically conductive liquid, it was used in mercury switches (including home mercury light switches installed prior to 1970), tilt switches used in old fire detectors, and tilt switches in some home thermostats. [82]

Senese, F. "Why is mercury a liquid at STP?". General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2007. Chemistry: Four elements added to periodic table". BBC News. 4 يناير 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في 4 يناير 2016. is still occasionally used to test for ammonia owing to its tendency to form the deeply colored iodide salt of Millon's base. Popular Science". The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation. 118 (3): 40. 1931. ISSN 0161-7370.A study in geometric mean urine mercury concentration identified a previously unrecognized source of exposure (skin care products) to inorganic mercury among New York City residents. Population-based biomonitoring also showed that mercury concentration levels are higher in consumers of seafood and fish meals. [75] Skin whitening Mercury as a Working Fluid". Museum of Retro Technology. 13 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Laval University Liquid mirrors and adaptive optics group". Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011. Some of the medications that can be used to treat severe HG, like methylprednisolone, can cause birth defects. However, severe dehydration and other complications of HG may be of greater concern. Experimental mercury vapor turbines were installed to increase the efficiency of fossil-fuel electrical power plants. [83] The South Meadow power plant in Hartford, CT employed mercury as its working fluid, in a binary configuration with a secondary water circuit, for a number of years starting in the late 1920s in a drive to improve plant efficiency. Several other plants were built, including the Schiller Station in Portsmouth, NH, which went online in 1950. The idea did not catch on industry-wide due to the weight and toxicity of mercury, as well as the advent of supercritical steam plants in later years. [84] [85]